Neanderthal Genome

In high school, I was actually called a Neanderthal because I played football. It wasn't flattering then and it isn't now... but maybe it should be.

That's because researchers have just published much of the DNA sequence of the Neanderthal genome. Since Neanderthals are closely related to humans, this work will allow incredible insights into human evolution.

Neanderthals first appeared around 400-thousand years ago and were found across Europe and Asia before they became extinct about 30-thousand years ago.

Why they disappeared is unknown, but some speculate modern man out competed them.

As for the Neanderthal genome – just getting it was an accomplishment. Researchers had to extract DNA from less than one-half of a gram of pulverized bone taken from three, 38-thousand year old female Neanderthals. The researchers had to overcome a myriad of problems.

First, the stability of DNA from samples that old was in question. Then the greatest challenge was differentiating the Neanderthal DNA sequence from the sequences of bacteria that invaded the bone during decomposition, plus ones that came from other contaminants.

Talk about a "needle in a haystack." Nearly 97% of the DNA recovered from these samples was from the contaminants.

But the work was well worth it. For the first time, we're able to identify the genetic differences between us and Neanderthals.

What's astounding is: the DNA sequences show humans interbred with Neanderthals! That may have occurred in the Middle East 45– to 80–thousand years ago when early humans left Africa on their way to Europe and Asia.

Estimates are that between 1 and 4 percent of the human genome of non-Africans comes from Neanderthals.

Amazing – the girls in my high school were pretty smart. They were right all along!